Friday, November 29, 2019

Literary analysis of “ Where the Jackals Howl” Essay Sample free essay sample

Amoz Oz’s â€Å"Where the Jackals Howl† is short narrative exemplifying the predicament of immature female in a kibbutz and in a battle with herself every bit good as an older member in the kibbutz. At the story’s bosom is a consummate word picture of the supporter which at times seems to be Galila every bit good as Matityahu Damkov and other times Matityahu being the adversary. Galila seems to fall for the come-on of art supplies as Matityahu draws her to his room to take advantage of her. Amoz Oz achieves the greater subject of â€Å"entrapment† through the psychological societal pragmatism intending characters in fictional narrations have realistic or complex emotional and rational deepness including possibly subconscious impulses and fright they are non cognizant of. ( superglossary. com ) A brief review will uncover how â€Å"Where the Jackals Howl† by Amoz Oz achieves it animating consequence. Amoz’ portraiture of the kibbutz includes t he land between Israeli and Palestinians. We will write a custom essay sample on Literary analysis of â€Å" Where the Jackals Howl† Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page bastardy and Judaic life. Giving his logical thinking of strong impulses and subterraneous passions. which illustrates his concealed feelings. The khamsin-the hot air currents. seemed to consequence everyone in the community of the kibbutz. It was everything to them that the khamsin was go forthing and the cool air currents were coming in. The cool air currents brought darkness and meant that seasons were altering and Autumn was coming nigh. Everyone came out to enjoy in the air currents and the darkness that was coming except for Sashka who would see this as clip to remain in his room and compose about the jobs in the kibbutz. As the darkness easy creeps in and seems to devour everything within it from the outward land in. the seniors sit and enjoy till it was clip to travel to the dining hall. That is where they would all sit around and discourse what has happened and what is to go on. As the storyteller describes his homocentric nexus between his description of the landscape as circles he speaks of them as the outside circles being â€Å"The Autumn darkness† . The interior circle being the circle of visible radiations and the innermost. the lighted bosom of their universe ( pg486 ) . It could besides be described as the homocentric circles to the sealed kibbutz circle. The interior circle. represents the physical. the state. the kibbutz society. interior household and their personal circle. The darkness. which represents the political facet of the land being taken over by the Palestinians and them infringing can be seen as the outside circle. The darkness represent as good all the inexorable events that play themselves out in the backyard of the community. and behind closed doors of their places and represents the inmost circle. At some point in clip. we all feel like our universe is acquiring swallowed up by the darkness. If its non in our Black Marias. but in our heads. so to experience it in our ain community. Within the community of the Kibbutz there is a immature miss named Galila. who is torn on who she should believe is her male parent. At the beginning of the narrative it already says the Galila is the girl of Sashka and at the terminal a adult male named Matityahu Damkov tells her he is her male parent. Who is she to believe? When she was a immature miss she had a captivation watching Damkov work with the Equus caballuss. She couldn’t maintain her eyes off of him while she would masticate on her hair. As she grew older her hatred grew to gross out and she despised him. but as a immature lady she grew to be mercenary and greedy in a sense that it didn’t matter how much she didn’t like Matityahu Damkov she wanted the art supplies he told her he had bought merely for her lone. While she showered she even asked herself â€Å" What does Matityahu Damkov privation of me? † ( pg482 ) How could she be so naif? With Matityahu inquiring her to his room and purchasin g art supplies and canvas merely for her it was obvious of his hidden lecherousness for her. Now she still decides to travel to his room despite the feeling she has and he convinces her to remain and imbibe with him. stating her she will acquire the art supplies shortly. He tells her a narrative of when he worked with the Equus caballuss which at first fascinates her and takes her dorsum to when she was younger. He tells her a narrative of how he was shown how to acquire what he calls a â€Å"stupid horse† ( pg488 ) rummy and mad and ready to copulate. He would hold a female horse base on balls so it would acquire the aroma and acquire truly huffy. That was when he knew the Equus caballus was ready to swoop. He described the blood in the eyes and choler and shortness of breath merely as Damkov did to Galila. He brought her by teasing her with the art supplies and so giving her something to imbibe. He would hold her relax and talk to her boulder clay he felt ready. As she relaxed and laid on his bed looking asleep he laid following to her. After a small clip he started to fondle her seeking to quietly and passionately wake here stating her he wanted to run off with her. but as she woke buttoning up her skirt. ( which would give give you the premise he had raped her ) she stated â€Å" This isn’t what I want. I didn’t want to come here at all. You’re taking advantage of me and making things to me I don’t want and stating all sorts of things because you’re mad and everyone knows you’re huffy ask anyone you like. † ( pg491 ) He would acquire huffy and have blood in his eyes and breath deep merely as the Equus caballus. If she truly felt that manner why did she travel? She as many immature females today do as they want and to acquire what they want and effects mean nil boulder clay they are confronted with the danger and bad picks they made. As Galila stands in his room Matityahu looks at her and thi nks to himself â€Å" She’s so immature. she’s a small miss. slender and spoiled. I’m traveling to nail her to pieces. Slowly† ( pg490 ) If he believes he is her male parent why would he desire to ache her non physically but mentally and emotionally? Why would he of needed to tease her with the supplies to acquire her to his room? What sort of adult male would look at a female they believe to be their girl and and ravish her and want to ache her? These are inquiries we still ask ourselves today sing child molestation. He tells her he is her male parent and she doesn’t believe and he tells her to fault her female parent if she wants to be huffy non at him. Could that intend that he at one clip was with her female parent or possibly raped her every bit good since he would ever state Galila that she was merely like her female parent. When Matityahu speaks to Tanya. who is the female parent of Galila. they speak with hastiness and unkindness in their voices but we may neer cognize what genuinely happened. Matityahu laughs at Galila and tells her he doesn’t attention who’s girl she is. Sashka’s or Ben-Gurion’s. ( pg492 ) In the narrative it says that when Matityahu laid on his bed he summoned a dream. It say’s â€Å"quiet dreams and wild drams† ( pg490 ) could this be a erratum? Could they be her dreams with Damkov moving as a lens. noise. blare. odors of the kibbutz. dancing Jackals ululation inside her caput. And so is her lunacy merely a metaphor for the lunacy of seeking to claim back the desert. Trying to do the land of Israel in the land- flower stalk of Arab? Oz’s political position of anti-settlement and entrapment.

Monday, November 25, 2019

The Costs Versus the Benefits of Illegal Immigration Essays

The Costs Versus the Benefits of Illegal Immigration Essays The Costs Versus the Benefits of Illegal Immigration Paper The Costs Versus the Benefits of Illegal Immigration Paper The Cost versus the Benefits of Illegal Immigration Every year thousands of people choose to leave their home country and come to the United States to start a new life. They dream of freedom and endless possibilities that they would never have in their home countries. Unfortunately, there are those who chose to disregard the law and come to this country illegally. It is estimated that there are 20 million illegal immigrants in the U. S. today. Illegal immigration affects our country in many ways. The cost of illegal immigration effects many aspects of our economy. One way in which our economy is affected is when an illegal immigrant is injured or sick and must go to the hospital. They often do not have the money to pay the bill, and the hospitals do not have a way to bill the patient as they are here illegally and either move often or give false information. The hospitals cannot refuse treatment, so this means that we, the taxpayers, must take on the burden of paying for those costs. Another affect illegal immigration has on our economy is the fact that migrant workers will work for less than minimum wage. This makes fewer jobs available for legal entry level citizens, which puts a huge strain on our economy. There is also the issue of securing our borders to keep illegal immigrants out. One of the newest resolutions to this issue is building a fence, which will cost a lot of money to build, maintain and defend. Another cost of illegal immigration is the cost of innocent American lives taken by illegal immigrants who drive without insurance or a license, and those affected by the gangs that have come out of Mexico, such as the Mexican Mafia and MS-13. One might ask, â€Å"Are there any benefits to illegal immigration? † Well, it depends on who you talk to. According to some groups, there are some pros to illegal immigration. Some think that it helps to keep the economy moving by filling low-wage jobs that many Americans do not want; it creates a bigger pool of customers for a variety of goods and services; farmers are able to plant and harvest their crops less expensively; millions of illegal’s rent properties in depressed areas where renters are hard to find. There are also those who say that illegal’s contribute to social security funds, which often go unclaimed; contribute to mortgage loan profits, open bank accounts that yield interest and dividends to bankers and purchase real estate and generate commissions for agents and brokers. (Garibaldi) In general, illegal immigrants coming from Mexico, South and Central America are trying to make money and help support their families here and abroad. Many of them are fleeing oppression, unemployment and poverty. Again, it truly depends on who you talk to in order to find any benefits to illegal immigration. From what I have been able to find, there are very few sources that include benefits of illegal immigration to the United States. There are, however, many benefits of illegal immigration for Mexico. Unfortunately, that does not do the U. S. any good. It seems to me that the negative effects far outweigh the positive effects. Many studies have been done which document the fact that illegal immigrants are a major burden on local communities. FAIR estimates that current local annual costs of illegal immigration for educating the children in public schools and providing medical services in emergency rooms and prisons amounts to approximately $36 billion. It is estimated that the yearly fiscal costs in 2010 will increase by nearly 70% to $61. 5 billion for those same program areas, and by an additional 73% by 2020. Studies done in 2004 and 2005 examining the fiscal costs of illegal immigration in California, Arizona, Texas and Florida show that the annual net costs were $8. 8 billion ($1,183 per household), $1. 3 billion ($717 per household), $3. 73 billion ($725 per household), and $. 91 billion ($315 per household) respectively. (Fairus. org) FAIR claims that illegal immigration is a key factor influencing the number of people without healthcare in the U. S. and the reason for the fiscal crisis burdening public healthcare systems. (Immigration issues) A recent study claims that one in every four people in the United State s is an immigrant. Nearly half of the immigrants living in the U. S. either have no insurance or it is provided to them at the taxpayers’ expense. As much as two-thirds of operating costs for some hospitals are for uncompensated care for sick or injured illegal aliens. This increase in uncompensated care has forces some hospitals to reduce staff, increase rates, eliminate services and shut down certain areas such as maternity wards and trauma centers. In the last ten years, legal and illegal immigrants and their children who arrived in the U. S. between 1994 and 1998 account for 59% of the growth of the uninsured population. In California, legislators are debating a government fix for the California health care market. Largely because of government policies, regulations and mandates, the cost of hiring a legal employee in California far exceeds the cost of hiring the same employees in Oregon, Nevada, Arizona and Washington. The tax burden on California businesses far exceeds the burdens on businesses in those same states, and despite its abundant energy resources, California pays more for energy than any other state except Hawaii. So how can businesses survive in this kind of environment? Some move out of state, while others choose a different route. Some pay employees under the table, some hire illegal aliens and participate in an underground economy. Theses underground economies, or black markets, exist in response to avoid government costs and regulations. These underground economies are not fair to legitimate business people and can have many bad side effects, such as the cost illegal immigration inflicts on the public education system, hospital emergency rooms and prisons. (Healthcare Reform and Illegal Immigration) The net annual cost of immigration has been estimated at between $67 and $87 billion a year. The National Academy of Sciences found that the net fiscal drain on American taxpayers is between $166 and $226 a year per native household. Economic Costs) Many issues arise when a company, large or small chooses to hire an illegal immigrant over an American citizen. In the end, nobody truly benefits. For awhile, the company may benefit because their operating costs will be lower. However, when they are eventually caught, the resulting fines and the loss of business due to being shut down will quickly overturn the amount s aved by hiring the illegal. This also has a negative effect on the American citizen who now must rely on welfare because the illegal immigrant took the only job available. More and more people have to rely on welfare which puts even more of a burden on all taxpayers. Between 40 and 50 percent of wage-loss among low-skilled Americans is due to the in-migration of low-skilled workers. Many American workers lose their jobs through unfair competition. An estimated 1,880,000 American workers are displaced from their jobs every year by immigration and the cost for providing welfare and assistance to these Americans is over $15 billion a year FAIR research. (Economic Costs) Many wonder if a border fence is a good solution to keeping illegal immigrants out of the U. S. It has been the topic of many debates around the country. There are many people on both sides of the issue. According to many north and south of the fence, it is working. Since about only one fifth of the fence is complete, those who planned to cross where the fence is now can simply go elsewhere. U. S. officials have vowed to complete nearly 400 of the 700 miles of the fence by the end of 2008. The big question is how much this the fence going to cost? The House Appropriations Committee estimates that the fence will cost around $9 million per mile, for a total cost of approximately $6. billion. However, the House Homeland Security committee estimates that the fence will cost about $2 to $4 billion. Some say the fence could cost upwards of $50 billion to build. There is also the issue of maintaining the fence. It is estimated that maintaining the fence could cost nearly $70 million per mile over its 25 year life span. Will the benefits of the fence outweigh the costs associated wi th building the fence? It all depends on who you ask. Some say the fence is pointless if it does not cut deep enough into the ground since the discovery of more and more tunnels linking the U. S. and Mexico. Some critics joke that if the fence is 10 feet tall, illegal immigrants would find shovels that are 11 feet tall. Others feel that we have to do whatever it takes to protect our borders and keep illegal immigrants out. It is not a violation of the law to leave the scene of an accident in Mexico as it is in the United States. It should not be surprising that Mexicans driving in the U. S. , especially those here illegally and driving without a license or insurance are more likely to flee from the scene of a car accident than a U. S. driver. (Fairus. rg) There are ten states that do not require ‘lawful proof of presence’ for an applicant to obtain a drivers license. In these ten states, Hawaii, Maryland, Michigan, Montana, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oregon, Utah, Washington and Wisconsin, 14. 4% of traffic fatalities are caused be non licensed drivers, compared to the national average of 13. 6%. The top ten states containing the highest population of illegal immigrants are California, Texas, New York, Arizona, Florida, Illinois, Georgia, North Carolina, New Jersey and Colorado. In these states, 14. 6% of fatalities from car accidents are caused by unlicensed drivers. The percentage of hit-and-run drivers is higher in these states as well. Some say that illegal immigration is a ‘victimless crime’. Consider this: Over 25% of today’s prison population consists of illegal aliens. Violent crime and drug possession and distribution are prevalent among illegal immigrants. In Los Angeles, 95% of about 1500 outstanding warrants for homicides are for illegal aliens. About 67% of the 17,000 outstanding fugitive felony warrants are for illegal aliens. There are currently over 400,000 unaccounted for illegal alien criminals with outstanding deportation orders, of which at least 25% are hard core criminals. There are 80,000 to 100,000 illegal’s who have been convicted of serious crimes that are walking the streets. Some studies say they will commit on average 13 serious crimes per offender. At least 4. 5 million pounds of cocaine is smuggled across the southern border every year. Illegal immigrants commit anywhere from 700,000 to 1,289,000 or more crimes in a given year. Approximately 2,158 murders are committed by illegal immigrants each year. Illegal sexual predators commit an estimated 130,900 sex crimes every year. There are approximately 240,000 illegal sex offenders throughout the United States, who will commit an average of 8 sex crimes before being caught. Nearly 63% of these sex offenders have been deported on another offense prior to committing the sex crime. Only 2% of illegal sex offenders had no history of criminal behavior. Though nobody knows just how big, the sex slave problem is enormous. The horribly brutal gang MS-13 has over 15,000 members and is in at least 33 states. Given these facts, how could illegal immigration possibly be considered a ‘victimless crime’? (usillegalaliens. om) It would take a much longer than this paper allows to cover all of the possible costs of illegal immigration. From what I could find, the costs far outweigh the benefits of this issue. Illegal immigration cannot be ignored- something must be done. It is not fair to the immigrants who chose to follow the law and come to this country legally so that they may become true American citizens a nd live â€Å"The American Dream. † Without immigrants, the United States of America would not be what it is today. We are all from somewhere else, and while the laws were different when many of our ancestors came here, the law is the law and must be followed. Today’s lawmakers are on their way to funding a solution. The fence is a good place to start. That cannot work without extensive immigration reform. There cannot be sanctuary cities. If someone wants to come to this country to make a better life for themselves and their families, they must follow the law, become legal citizens, learn about our country and learn to speak English. Illegal immigration is a crime and is not acceptable. The United States and it’s citizens simply cannot afford it. Economic Costs. The American Resistance. 6 April 2008 theamericanresistance. om/issues/economic_costs. html. Editorials. 12 July 2007. MySanAntonio. com. 6 April 2008 mysanantonio. com/opinion/editorials/stories/MYSA071307. 01O. tunnel1ed. 27514e8. html. Fairus. org. 6 April 2008 fairus. org/. Garibaldi, Mario. 8 MAY 2006. Searchwarp. com. 6 April 2008 http://searchwarp. com/swa61485. htm. Healthcare Reform and Illegal Immigration. 14 June 2007. Ventura County Republican Part y. 6 April 2008 vcrcc. org/press/index. cfm/ID/131. htm. Immigration issues. 2008. About. com. 6 April 2008 http://immigration. about. om/cs/economicslabor/i/ImmHealthCCosts_2. htm. Priestap, Kim. Dont Tell the Pro-Illegal Immigration Crowd: The Border Fence is Working. 5 November 2007. Wizbangblog. com. 6 April 2008 http://wizbangblog. com/content/2007/11/05/dont-tell-the-proillegal-immigration-crowd-the-border-fence-is-working. php. usillegalaliens. com. 6 April 2008 usillegalaliens. com/impacts_of_illegal_immigration_crime_summary. html. Viqueira, Mike. First Read- The cost of that border dence. 26 October 2006. MSNBC. MSN. COM. 6 April 2008 http://firstread. msnbc. msn. com/archive/2006/10/26/8879. aspx.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Germen Cilivization --The Holocaust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Germen Cilivization --The Holocaust - Essay Example The requirement of religious conversion compared to the compulsion that Turkish nationality was the only accepted guiding ideological principle prior to the Armenian Genocide (Haperen, Have and Kierman 48). However, failure of the Jews to convert to Christianity heightened hatred and fear that translated into what became known as racial anti-Semitism driven by unconfirmed biological theories. Based on Dalton (4) German National Socialism (Nazism) made anti-Semitism an integral part of them arguing that the history of humans was determined by biological struggle amongst populations of different racial backgrounds. Additionally, the Nazis proceeded to view the Jews as the driving force behind communism internationally. The Nazis also referred to the Jews as responsible for finance capital that drove the world to impoverishment and economic crisis. Jews to the Germans were a potential danger just like the United States had viewed the Germans, Japanese, and Italians. In reiteration, the Nazis stripped off from the Jews their rights, dispossessed their property, forced them to live in communities, and deported as well as mistreated them. For instance, failure to convert to Christianity led to the renunciation of rights and defense under the law. Consequently, the Jews were annihilated because of their cultural, social, religious, and ethnic attributes all in for the reason that they were the cause of Germans’ misfortunes, and that whether they converted to Christianity or were born in Germany, they remained Jews and not true Germans to be spared from the war (256-257). In order to define Germany as a pure racial community, Hitler introduced racial policy and foreign policy (Fulbrook 189-190) as described in the Mein Kampf book in 1924. Through the racial policy, Hitler established laws and policies for implementation of the Nazis and that regarded the Aryan race or master race as the

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

The World of Teachers - Child Protection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The World of Teachers - Child Protection - Essay Example The behavior of students is largely influenced by the community from which they come from. It is important to understand the connection between the students and their cultural background, which is among the factors that influence student behavior. To accomplish this understanding, communities need to be involved in developing strategies regarding child protection, which are important in promoting diversity in schools as well as a supportive environment for learning. Schools have been brought into the child protection landscape. This essay is a critique of the factors that have contributed to this development. It presents the school as an institution where children spend most of their life time. Teachers are described as the most appropriate professionals to identify the needs of children since they have the necessary skills that enable them to associate effectively with students. Schools have also been highlighted as significant institutions through which the government can channel resources for child protection. The essay also describes the key elements of good practice whereby guidelines for protection of children are viewed to be significant. Professional training of teachers regarding child protection has been highlighted as a significant element amongst others. The value of a whole school approach has also been discussed. The fact that students spend less time with their parents than they do in schools justifies the integration of child protection in learning institutions. The teachers have regular contact with students and therefore they are in a position to learn the needs of students than parents can. This is one of the factors that generated the interest of incorporating child protection in schools (Chris 2007). There is also a possibility of child abuse in school by people who are directly involved in the student’s life, such as other students, teachers as well as subordinate staff. Incorporating child

Monday, November 18, 2019

North American Free Trade Agreement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

North American Free Trade Agreement - Essay Example My parents often discussed NAFTA and when I was a student, I used to think how a bad political/trade decision can affect the people of the country. It created unsettling trends in Mexico and the expected broad-based dynamic growth did not materialize. Under the accord, Mexico fared poorly. Local companies went out business as they were unable to compete with cheap imports. Domestic investment decreased. All these issues are in the back of mind, and in whatever area that I am going to specialize, my concern shall be to guide the youngsters in Mexico, to shape their future well to enable them to contribute to the welfare of the country. A first-year college student is called a freshman. It is the beginning of the college experience for the student when he adjusts to the changed atmosphere in his life and new decisions and struggles await him. This is the period of transition and the impending stresses can affect one’s emotional world. Some of the senior students taunt us as novi ces, in good humor though! I take their affronts lightly with the hope that we too will become seniors soon to have the pleasurable experience of challenging the freshmen! The important asset before a combustible youngster today is the laptop. One thinks that the entire world is before him, as he can access information on any topic up to any range to advance knowledge. Today I sit at the computer as a freshman. I look forward to the times when I will challenge the computer with my knowledge as the fully qualified computer engineer. The sky is the limit as for careers for computer engineers. Apart from competitive salaries, they get ample opportunities for their creativity and advancement of knowledge through research. Many specialized branches exist for the budding computer engineer, most importantly in the fields of telecommunications, software technology or digital hardware.

Saturday, November 16, 2019

The microstructure of cast iron

The microstructure of cast iron ABSTRACT THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF CAST IRON: In the experiment, the microstructures of five samples of different cast iron forms were observed and investigated under the optical microscope and an iron-carbide phase was studied. The suitable drawings were made under different magnification of 100 and 200. Each constituent of the microstructure was identified and also other structural features of the sample provided were identified. The samples areBlackheart malleable cast iron, Ferritic spheroidal graphite iron, Pearlitic spheroidal graphite iron, White cast iron and Phosphoric grey cast iron. The differences in the microstructure were due to the difference in heat treatment, process of cooling and additives present. COPPER SILVER EUTECTIC ALLOY: The eutectic alloy formed between silver and copper was observed. The microstructure of all the four samples was drawn using the optical microscope with 200 magnifications. 90%Ag 10% Cu, 72%Ag 28% Cu, 50% Ag 50% Cu, 30% Ag 70% Cu are the samples provided. An equilibrium diagram was constructed for the copper-silver alloy system, the features of interest as well as the constituent of the structure was identified for all the samples. INTRODUCTION THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF CAST IRON Cast irons are a class of ferrous alloys with a carbon content of between 2.0 4.5%; they contain sufficient carbon so that the eutectic reaction occurs during solidification. They are the most economical in terms of foundry cost which makes the useful even though they are quite brittle; they are fine for low stressed components like cylinder block. Their versatility makes them a high demand in the market. Cast iron contain contrasting amount of manganese, sulphur and phosphorus. They have varying strength and can resist wear and abrasion and corrosion and they can be easily machined. They are easily melted and cast making the good casting impression. The carbon in a cast iron exists in two forms, as a free form of graphite or in a combination as a cementite which is unstable iron carbide. Iron is hard and difficult to machine due to how brittle the cementite is while graphite is soft making the iron softer and easy to machine. Graphite weakens metal due to its occurrence in flakes by breaking up its continuity. Because of the characteristics of these two carbon form, the relative amount, the shape and distribution in the cast iron produces different cast irons variety of properties. Grey cast iron contains tiny interconnected flakes of graphite that allow low strength and ductility. Its the mostly used cast iron and named after its grey colour on fracture surfaces. White cast iron produces more cementite than graphite during solidification, it is a hard brittle alloy containing massive amount of fe3c. Alloyed white cast iron is used due to their hardness and wear resistance for abrasive wear. The name was given due to white fractured surface. Malleable cast iron is formed by the heat treatment of white cast iron, it has better ductility and they produce rounded clumps of graphite. It is very machinable and is made by heat treating unalloyed 3% carbon. A spherodite are micro constituent of coarse spheroidal graphite particles in a matrix of pearlite or ferrite, permitting excellent machining characteristics in high carbon steel. The structure of cast iron is affected by a number of factors. The type of iron form is determined by the rate of solidification as slow cooling will produce grey iron and the rapid one will produce white iron structure. Whether graphite or cementite is formed and by what quantity is determined by the carbon content of the melt and presence of other element. For example nickel and silicon promote the formation of graphite in the iron structure. The structure is affected by the type of heat treatment, cementite will decompose to ferrite and graphite will produce a completely different structure. COPPER-SILVER EUTECTIC ALLOYS: There are three single phase regions on the phase diagram of binary alloys of silver and copper. The phase is a solid solution rich in copper which has silver as the solute and an FCC structure it also include pure copper and is considered to include pure copper. An eutectic region can be defined as a three phase invariant reaction in which one liquid phase solidifies to form two solid phases. Copper and silver form an eutectic at 72%Ag and 28%Cu at a temperature of 780oC.The temperature at which an alloy become totally liquid decreases as silver is added to copper which is also the same as the addition of copper to silver. A microstructure may be defined as the structural feature of an alloy, its grain and phase structure that are subject to observation under microscope. Copper is a face centred cubic structured metal possessing good ductility, good thermal and electrical conductivity. It is often used as a constituent of various metal alloys. The melting point of pure copper is 1083oC while that of pure silver is 961oC. Silver possesses one of the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of any metal. It has FCC structure and is sometimes produced as a by-product of copper. When the full liquid solubility is possible with complete solid insolubility or very limited solid solubility then an eutectic relationship exist. This exists in copper and silver but they are fully soluble in liquid state. EXPERIMENTAL THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF CAST IRON Five prepared micro specimens were provided and the microstructure of each studied and drawn using a microscope. The specimens provided were Blackheart malleable cast iron at magnification 100 Ferritic spheroidal graphite iron at magnification 100 Pearlitic spheroidal graphite iron at magnification 200 White cast iron at magnification 100 Phosphoric grey cast iron at magnification 200 Each constituent and other structural feature of importance in the microstructure of white cast iron was labelled on the drawing. The procedure was performed to all specimens. COPPER-SILVER EUTECTIC ALLOYS Four polished and etched micro sections of copper silver alloys were provided. 30% Ag 70% Cu 72%Ag 28% Cu 50% Ag 50% Cu 90%Ag 10% Cu These alloys have already been melted in a gas fired furnace, deoxidised by polling with graphite rod and then cast in refractory moulds preheated to 500oC. I placed the samples under the microscope at a magnification of 200; my observation was drawn with the help of the microscope. The constituent and structural features are drawn and labelled, I repeated the steps for the entire specimen and the equilibrium diagram was drawn from the data. RESULTS The results are compiled in the couple of pages attached to the next pages. DISCUSSION THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF CAST IRON The way a metal is cooled produces the different structures of cast iron. Two of these structures are white and grey cast iron. As the metal is cooled, the amount of austenite in the matrix increases. At the eutectic temperature of 1130Â °C the remaining liquid solidifies producing austenite in a eutectic matrix. A structure consisting of cementite, Fe3C and eutectoid iron starts to form as structure starts to decompose. The eutectoid contains area of pearlite and cementite and its also a mixture of cementite and ferrite. The pearlite is formed as a result of the decomposition of the austenite on cooling. This structure is that of white cast iron which is formed due to the rapid rate of cooling. The cooling rate of white and grey cast iron affects the structure; fast cooling rate promotes white cast iron while slower cooling rate promotes grey cast iron. The carbide composition can have effect on the structure of the iron produced; high amount of chromium promotes white cast iron while low amount promotes grey cast iron. Section size can also determine iron structure obtained. Cool section cool faster and produce white cast iron while thick sections will cool slower promoting formation of grey cats iron. A number of variables must be controlled in order to produce grey cast iron instead of white cast iron. For a grey cast iron to form, the rate of cooling must be made as slow as possible. High silicon content will also promote the formation of grey cast iron as silicon has strong graphitising tendencies. Phosphoric grey iron is stronger, has a lower melting point and better fluidity than normal grey cast iron. The Blackheart malleablising process is the packing of white iron castings into pots with a neutral packing, such as sand or crushed slag, and heating them to 900Â °C for three days. After the three days they are cooled very slowly. The cementite in the white iron is being decomposed into ferrite and graphite is being precipitated in a smoothly dispersed form. The structure is composed entirely of ferrite and graphite. The graphite present in the structure is shown as ‘rosettes of carbon in the ferrite. After the process, the small amount of pearlite left has no effect on the properties of the casting. The steel produced in this process has good wear resistance and strength and reasonable toughness. Additives are used to produce spheroidal graphite iron rather than flake graphite iron. Magnesium amounting to 1-2% of the weight of the iron is added in the form of a nickel magnesium alloy of 10-20% magnesium. The alloy is used to prevent an extremely violent reaction from occurring. The presence of silicon also assists the formation of the nodules therefore Ferro-silicon is added. The sulphur level needs to be kept low in order to avoid removing the Mg as sulphide. In the production of a ferritic graphite iron, spheroids of graphite in pearlite matrix are heat treated to form spheroids of graphite in ferrite matrix. This is time dependent process and doesnt go into completion therefore causing pearlite area to still be seen. COPPER-SILVER EUTECTIC ALLOYS On drawing of the 30%Ag70%Cu, alpha particles can be seen and dark patches show primary dendrites outside eutectic. The 50%Ag50%Cu alloy sample also shows primary alpha dendrites outside eutectics. In the 90%Ag10%Cu sample there is small amount of eutectic and light areas show beta particles while the dark areas show alpha particle. On the equilibrium diagram ADB is the liquidus and ACDEB is the solidus. The area ACF represents the alpha phase of the silver in copper while BEG represent the condition of limited solid solution of copper in silver which is the beta phase. Below FCDEG the two phases alpha and beta exist side by side. The 72%Ag28%Cu micro section has an all eutectic composition with dark areas also representing alpha particles and light areas showing beta particles the centre of the microstructure is the first to solidify then the outside area. Composition of solid and liquid phases will vary with the temperature along the solidus and liquidus lines. The final liquid between composition C and E will always end at eutectic regardless of what the initial composition may be. As a result the solid will be composed of masses of A and B. At eutectic CW parts liquidus composition Y while WY parts composition C. During casting its virtually impossible to achieve equilibrium conditions. Coring is the non equilibrium cooling on microstructures. Coring explains how the varying primary dendrites allow lighter areas in the centre than in the outside. The properties of a cored structure are less than optimal, as a casting having a cored structure is reheated causing grain boundaries regions will meet first as long as they are richer in low melting components. The liquid film that separate the grain gives an outcome of sudden loss of mechanical integrity. The melting may begin at a temperature below the equilibrium solidus temperature of the alloys. Homogeneous heat treatment can be used to remove coring at a temperature below the solidus point of the alloy composition. During the process, atomic diffusion occur producing compositionally homogeneous grain. CONCLUSION Cast irons have many different structures each one caused by a different cooling rate, additives and different heat treatments. Formation of grey cast iron over white cast iron is promote by slow cooling rate and enormous silicon content Coring can be eliminated by a homogenising heat treatment. Magnesium and silicon help to produce spheroidal graphite iron rather than flake graphite iron To produce a ferritic spheroidal graphite iron from pearlitic spheroidal graphite iron the steel must be heated to just below the lower critical temperature. Phosphoric iron will enable to cast very fine details and in blackheart malleablising process, rosettes from graphite in ferrite matrix are produced from white cast iron. The composition of the copper silver eutectic alloys has a very large effect on the microstructure of the alloy, with different amounts of the phases being produced on cooling.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Why We Baptize in Jesus Name :: essays research papers

Why We Baptize in Jesus' Name Introduction The subject of water baptism has long been called a great issue and no doubt has been made such by many church leaders of the past and present. In our study of it, let us first consider its importance, or the necessity of being baptized. The Importance of Water Baptism Christian water baptism is an ordinance instituted by Jesus Christ. If it is not important in the plan of God, why did Jesus command it in Matthew 28:19? And why did Peter follow up by saying, "Be baptized every one of you," and by commanding the Gentiles to be baptized (Acts 2:38; 10:48)? We must remember two points about the importance of water baptism. First, whatever Christ definitely established and ordained cannot be unimportant, whether we understand its significance or not. Second, Christ and the apostles showed the importance of this ordinance by observing it. Jesus walked many miles to be baptized, though He was without sin, saying, "For thus it becometh us to fulfill all righteousness" (See Matthew 3:13-16.) It is true that water itself does not contain any saving virtue, but God has chosen to include it in His plan of salvation. Peter explained, "Baptism doth also now save us (not the putting away of the filth of the flesh, but the answer of a good conscience toward God) by the resurrection of Jesus Christ" (I Peter 3:21). According to Luke 7:30, "the Pharisees and lawyers rejected the counsel of God against themselves, being not baptized." The Mode of Baptism According to the Scriptures, the proper mode of baptism is immersion. "And Jesus, when he was baptized, went up straightway out of the water" (Matthew 3:16). "And they went down both into the water, both Philip and the eunuch; and he baptized him" (Acts 8:38). "Therefore we are buried with him by baptism into death" (Romans 6:4). A corpse is not buried by placing it on top of the ground and sprinkling a little soil on it, but by covering it completely. According to the World Book Encyclopedia, "At first all baptism was by complete immersion" (vol. 1, p.651). And the Catholic Encyclopedia states, "In the early centuries, all were baptized by immersion in streams, pools, and baptisteries" (vol. 2, p.263). Immersion was not convenient after the Catholic church instituted infant baptism; thus the mode was changed to sprinkling. (See Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th ed.